THE MALAYSIAN POLITY
Introduction
Apart from the local ethnic, the Malays and aborigines (orang asli), Malaysia is a fairly small country with a population of Chinese and Indians whose ancestors, during end of 1700s, came to this country as immigrants from China and South and North India.[ ] As such, Malaysia identifies itself as being a multi-cultural, multi-religious, and multi-linguistic society.
Before the arrival of the Europeans, the Malay had established settlements along the coasts and riverine estuaries of the Malay peninsular. These were to become important trading posts and later the genesis of small kingdoms (INTAN, 1991). Beginning in the 2nd century BC the Malay peninsula experienced over 1000 years of Indian or Indianized influence, and in the thirteenth century AD Arab and Indian Muslims brought Islamic and Arabic influence to the peninsula. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in 1511 when they conquer the trading port of Melaka from a Malay ruler. The Dutch, who had a foothold across the Straits of Melaka on the island of Java, laid siege to Melaka and succeeded in capturing it in 1641. The British later came to take control over Melaka. Their first beachhead was Penang that was leased to the British East India Company by the Sultan of Kedah in 1786. By 1867 Penang had joined with Melaka and Singapore to form the Straits Settlements, thus a new British Crown Colony was formed.
Some Malay states accepted British ‘advisers’ under the guise of British Residents and in 1895 these became the Federal Malay States consisting of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang. The remaining states, described as the Unfederated Malay States, included Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, and Perlis, which had been extricated from the Siamese sphere of influence in 1909. Together with Johor, these were later brought into the British sphere. British political control over the whole peninsula radically transformed Malaya socially and economically and brought about stability that lasted until the Japanese invasion in the Second World War.
Today (2006), Malaysia has a population of more than 26.64 million. The outstanding characteristic of Malaysia’s population today is its highly variegated ethnic mix that makes it one of the prime examples of a multi-racial society in the whole world. Consisting of the Malays, Chinese, Indians and other indigenous groups, with its multiethnic composition of the population, Malaysia’s culture and religious practices are very diverse. Bahasa Malaysia is the national language while English is widely spoken and considered the second language. The constitution lays down that Islam is the religion of the Federation. Even though different cultures and religions exist, except for the multiracial conflict in 1969, they have put up with each other and developed a very tolerant society (Gullick & Gale, 1986; Mohamad, 1995).
- An excerpt from "Political Leadership of Malaysia’s Prime Ministers" (Nasrudin, 2007). Please refer to the handouts provided.
Sunday, July 29, 2007
MALAYSIAN PREMIERSHIP STUDIES (ADS509)
Class List
1 Syuriati Sulaiman @ Ibrahim (2004246839)
2 Syazni Akmal Ramli (2006221330)
3 Razanah Suaida Rosli (2005326447)
4 Siti Suzana Hassan Ma’arof (2006221547)
5 Shaidatul Nizam Abd Malek (2003352733)
6 Fazliana Ahmad (2005326566)
Note: Please let me know a.s.a.p if your name is not listed here.
Introduction to premiership Studies (Malaysia)
This course introduces the students to basic principles in Political Leadership & Premiership in Malaysia. It shall focus on the vision and policies of the five Prime Ministers, significantly that of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. The course shall discuss the significant policies and visions of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad and his contributions in transforming Malaysia from an agricultural economy to a developed and modern industrial Malaysia.
Course Objectives
It is hoped that at the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. study the basic principles of political leadership in Malaysia;
2. understand the relevance and application of the principles of political leadership in the administration of Malaysia;
3. study, analyse and appreciate policies and visions of premiers in Malaysia especially Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad;
4. evaluate the contribution of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad in shaping current and future direction of Malaysia.
Course structure in brief
Theories and concepts of political leadership
1. Origins of political leadership
2. Social sources of leadership
3. Political leadership and opportunities
4. Transformational leadership
5. Transactional leadership
Premiership and the Cabinet
1. Prime Minister in the Constitution
2. Role of Prime Minister in Public Policy Making
History of Malaysian Premiership
1. Tunku Abdul Rahman (1957-1971)
2. Tun Abdul Razak (1971-1976)
3. Tun Hussien Onn (1976-1981)
Mahathir’s Premiership
1. Background
2. Early years of Mahathir
3. Rise to Leadership
Mahathir’s Vision
1. The Malay Dilemma
2. The New Malays
3. Vision 2020
Foreign Policy
1. ASEAN
2. South-South
3. Smart Partnership
4. G 15
5. OIC
6. NAM
Economic Policies of Mahathir
1. New Economic Policy
2. Privatisation and Industrialisation
3. Malaysia Incorporated
4. Insfrastructure and Development : KLCC, KL tower, MSC, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, KLIA and F1 Sepang.
Mahathir’s Ideas on Globalisation
1. Nature of Globalisation
2. Role of Asia
3. Global Partnerships
4. Asian-European Partnership
Mahathir’s Policies on National Unity
1. Caring Society
2. Meritocracy
Mahathir’s Perspectives on Islam
1. Islam and Malaysia
2. Islamic Education e.g. UIA
3 Islam and Economic Development (Islamic Banking and Finance, Islamic Currency)
4. Progressive Islam
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
1.Background
2.Public policies
3.Foreign policies
ASSESSMENT
Coursework - 40%
Final Examination - 60%
SUGGESTED BOOKS
AL-QURAN UL-KARIM.
ABDULHAMID, A.A. (1993). Crisis in the Muslim Mind. Virginia, USA: International Institute of Islamic Thought.
ABDULLAH, A. (1988). Issues in Malaysian Politics. Occasional Paper Series, no.7. Singapore: Singapore Institute of International Affairs/Heinemann Publishers.
ADAIR, J. (1984). Effective leadership. A self-development manual. Aldershots, Hants, England: Gower Publishing Company Limited.
AIDIT, G. (1990). Development: An Islamic perspective. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications
AMINUDIN, B. (1996). “The Institution of Debt Slavery in Perak”, Peninjau Sejarah 1(1), 1996; Available at: http://www.iht.com/bin/file=529163.html
BASS, B. (1989). Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press.
BASS, B. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, Issue 3, Winter, 1990, 19-31.
BENNIS, W. (1989) On Becoming a Leader. New York: Addison Wesley
BLAKE, R. R. & MOUTON, J. S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.
BLAKE, R.R. & MOUTON, J.S. (1964). The managerial grid. Houston TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
BLAKE, R.R. & MOUTON, J.S. (1967). The managerial grid. Houston TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
BLAKE, R.R. & MOUTON, J.S. (1978). The new managerial grid. Houston TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
BLAKE, R.R. & MOUTON, J.S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.
BOLMAN, L. & DEAL, T. (1991). Reframing Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
BOWIE, A. (1991). Crossing the Industrial Divides: State, Society, and the Politics of Economic Transformation in Malaysia. New York: Colombia University Press.
BOWRING, P. (2004). “Philip Bowring: When the Malays cast their votes”. International Herald Tribune Online, Tuesday, July 13, 2004.
BURNS P.L. & COWAN, C.D. (Eds.) (1975). Sir Frank Swettenham’s Malayan Journals 1874-1876. Kuala Lumpur: OUP.
BUYONG, A. (1991). Sejarah Selangor. KL: Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka.
CASE, W. (1995). “Malaysia: Aspects and Audiences of Legitimacy.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Muthiah Alagappa. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
CHANDRA, M. (1996). “Accommodation and Acceptance of Non-Muslim Communities within the Malaysian Political system: The Role of Islam”, in The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vo. 13 (1) Spring 1996 pp. 28-41.
COLE, R. (2005). Political Leadership. Modern Library. http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780812971705&view=excerpt
CROUCH, H. (1980). “The UMNO’s Crisis: 1975–1977.” In Malaysian Politics and the 1978 Election, ed. Harold Crouch, Lee Kam Hing, and Michael Ong. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
CRYSTAL, D. (1994). (Ed.) The Cambridge Encyclopedia. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
FAALAND, J., JACK, P. & Rais S. (1990). Growth and Ethnic Inequality: Malaysia’s New Economic Policy. London: Hurst and Co.
FIEDLER, F.E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
FLUKER, W. (1998). The Stones That the Builders Rejected. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press.
FRADETTE & MICHAUD (1998). The power of corporate kinetics. Create the self-adapting, self-renewing, instant-action enterprise. NY: Simon & Schuster
FUNSTON, J. (1980). Malay Politics in Malaysia: A Study of UMNO and PAS. Singapore: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia).
GALE, B. (1982). Musa Hitam: A Political Biography. Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press.
GARDNER, J. (1989). On leadership. New York: Free Press.
GILL, R. (1986). Razaleigh: An Unending Quest. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications.
GREENLEAF, R.K. (1970). The servant of leader. Available at: http://www.butler.edu/studentlife/hampton/principles.htm10
GREENLEAF, R.K. (1977). Servant leadership. Paulist Press.
GULLICK, J.M. (1958) Indigenous Political Systems of Western Malaya. London: Athlone Press – revised edition 1988.
GULLICK, J.M. (1987) Malay Society in the late Nineteenth Century – the Beginnings of Change. Singapore: OUP.
GULLICK, J.M. (1992) Rulers and Residents – Influence and Power Malay States 1870-1920. Singapore: OUP.
GULLICK, J.M. (1998) “A History of Selangor 1766-1939”. Kuala Lumpur: MBRAS Monograph No, 28.
GULLICK, J.M. “The entrepreneur in Late 19th Century Malay Peasant Society”, JMBRAS 58(1), 1958.
HORII, K. (1991). “Disintegration of the Colonial Economic Legacies and Social Restructuring in Malaysia.” Developing Economies 29, no. 4: 281–311.
Information Malaysia 1997 Yearbook (1997). Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing.
Information Malaysia 2005 Yearbook (2005). Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing.
ISLAM, S.S. (2005). The politics of Islamic identity in Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Thomson.
ISMAIL, N. & MUHAMMAD, A. (2000). The Malays par excellence ... Warts and all. An introspective. Selangor: Pelanduk Publications.
ISMAIL, N. (1999). Prophet Muhammad’s leadership. The paragon of excellence altruistic management. A cross-application to modern management and leadership practice. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd.
JAWAN, J.A. (2006). Malaysian politics & government. Shah Alam: Karisma Publications Sdn Bhd.
JESUDASON, J.V. (1989). Ethnicity and the Economy: The State, Chinese Business, and Multinationals in Malaysia. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
KATZ, D. & KAHN, R.L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York: John Wiley.
KHOO, K.K. (1972) The Western Malay States 1850-1873. Kuala Lumpur: OUP.
KHOO, K.K. (1995). Malay Society. Transformation & democratisation. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk Publications.
KHOO. K.K.“Malay Society 1874-1920’s”, JSEAS 5(2), 1974.
KHURSID, A. (1982). (Ed.). Islam – Its meaning and message. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Pustaka Islam.
KOUZES, J.M. & POSNER, B.Z. (1987). The leadership challenge: How to get things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
KUCZMARSKI, S.S. & KUCZMARKSI, T.D. (1995). Value-based leadership. Rebuilding employee commitment, performance, and productivity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
LARSEN, H.O. (1999). Position, relation or preference? Approaches to the study of political leadership roles. ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops on "The Changing Role of Local Councillors”, Mannheim 26.03-31.03 1999.
LASSWELL, L. (1963). The Future of Political Science. New York: Atherton.
LEE, K.Y. (2000). From Third World to First. The Singapore Story: 1965-2000. Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Singapore: Times Media Private Ltd.
LEEDS, C.A. (1981). 3rd Edition. Political Studies. Plymouth: Macdonald & Evans.
MAUZY, D. K. (1988). “Malaysia in 1987: Decline of "The Malay Way".” Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1987: Part II (Feb., 1988) , pp. 213-222.
MILLS, L.A. (2003). (MBRAS Reprint 22). British Malaya 1824-67. Selangor: MBRAS.
MILNE, R.S & MAUZY, D.K. (1999). Malaysian politics under Mahathir. London: Routledge.
MINTZBERG, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper & Row.
MOHAMED IBRAHIM, A. M. (1975) The Voyages of Mohamed Ibrahim Munshi, KL: OUP.
PAIGE G.D. (1977). The Scientific Study of Political Leadership. New York: Free Press/Collier MacMillan Publishers.
ROSSITER, C. (1960). The American Presidency. New York: New American Library.
RYAN, N.J. (1962). The cultural heritage of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Longman Malaysia.
SHEPPARD, M. (1985) Taman saujana – Dance, Drama, Music and Magic in Malaya, Long and Not-so-Long Ago. Petaling Jaya: International Book Service.
SWETTENHAM, F.A. “Some Account of the Independent Native States” JSBRAS 6, 1880.
SYED OTHMAN, A. & AIDIT, G. (1994). Islamic values and management. Kuala Lumpur: IKIM.
TORII, T. (1997). The new economic policy and the United Malays National Organization —With special reference to the restructuring of Malaysian society— The Developing Economies, XXXV-3(September 1997): 209–39.
WEBER, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization (T. Parsons, Trans.). New York: Free Press.
WRIGHT, P. (1996 ). Managerial leadership. London: Routledge.
YUKL, G. (1981). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
ZALEZNIK, A. (1977) "Managers and Leaders: Is there a difference?", Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1977.
1 Syuriati Sulaiman @ Ibrahim (2004246839)
2 Syazni Akmal Ramli (2006221330)
3 Razanah Suaida Rosli (2005326447)
4 Siti Suzana Hassan Ma’arof (2006221547)
5 Shaidatul Nizam Abd Malek (2003352733)
6 Fazliana Ahmad (2005326566)
Note: Please let me know a.s.a.p if your name is not listed here.
Introduction to premiership Studies (Malaysia)
This course introduces the students to basic principles in Political Leadership & Premiership in Malaysia. It shall focus on the vision and policies of the five Prime Ministers, significantly that of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. The course shall discuss the significant policies and visions of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad and his contributions in transforming Malaysia from an agricultural economy to a developed and modern industrial Malaysia.
Course Objectives
It is hoped that at the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. study the basic principles of political leadership in Malaysia;
2. understand the relevance and application of the principles of political leadership in the administration of Malaysia;
3. study, analyse and appreciate policies and visions of premiers in Malaysia especially Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad;
4. evaluate the contribution of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad in shaping current and future direction of Malaysia.
Course structure in brief
Theories and concepts of political leadership
1. Origins of political leadership
2. Social sources of leadership
3. Political leadership and opportunities
4. Transformational leadership
5. Transactional leadership
Premiership and the Cabinet
1. Prime Minister in the Constitution
2. Role of Prime Minister in Public Policy Making
History of Malaysian Premiership
1. Tunku Abdul Rahman (1957-1971)
2. Tun Abdul Razak (1971-1976)
3. Tun Hussien Onn (1976-1981)
Mahathir’s Premiership
1. Background
2. Early years of Mahathir
3. Rise to Leadership
Mahathir’s Vision
1. The Malay Dilemma
2. The New Malays
3. Vision 2020
Foreign Policy
1. ASEAN
2. South-South
3. Smart Partnership
4. G 15
5. OIC
6. NAM
Economic Policies of Mahathir
1. New Economic Policy
2. Privatisation and Industrialisation
3. Malaysia Incorporated
4. Insfrastructure and Development : KLCC, KL tower, MSC, Putrajaya, Cyberjaya, KLIA and F1 Sepang.
Mahathir’s Ideas on Globalisation
1. Nature of Globalisation
2. Role of Asia
3. Global Partnerships
4. Asian-European Partnership
Mahathir’s Policies on National Unity
1. Caring Society
2. Meritocracy
Mahathir’s Perspectives on Islam
1. Islam and Malaysia
2. Islamic Education e.g. UIA
3 Islam and Economic Development (Islamic Banking and Finance, Islamic Currency)
4. Progressive Islam
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
1.Background
2.Public policies
3.Foreign policies
ASSESSMENT
Coursework - 40%
Final Examination - 60%
SUGGESTED BOOKS
AL-QURAN UL-KARIM.
ABDULHAMID, A.A. (1993). Crisis in the Muslim Mind. Virginia, USA: International Institute of Islamic Thought.
ABDULLAH, A. (1988). Issues in Malaysian Politics. Occasional Paper Series, no.7. Singapore: Singapore Institute of International Affairs/Heinemann Publishers.
ADAIR, J. (1984). Effective leadership. A self-development manual. Aldershots, Hants, England: Gower Publishing Company Limited.
AIDIT, G. (1990). Development: An Islamic perspective. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications
AMINUDIN, B. (1996). “The Institution of Debt Slavery in Perak”, Peninjau Sejarah 1(1), 1996; Available at: http://www.iht.com/bin/file=529163.html
BASS, B. (1989). Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press.
BASS, B. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, Issue 3, Winter, 1990, 19-31.
BENNIS, W. (1989) On Becoming a Leader. New York: Addison Wesley
BLAKE, R. R. & MOUTON, J. S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.
BLAKE, R.R. & MOUTON, J.S. (1964). The managerial grid. Houston TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
BLAKE, R.R. & MOUTON, J.S. (1967). The managerial grid. Houston TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
BLAKE, R.R. & MOUTON, J.S. (1978). The new managerial grid. Houston TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
BLAKE, R.R. & MOUTON, J.S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.
BOLMAN, L. & DEAL, T. (1991). Reframing Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
BOWIE, A. (1991). Crossing the Industrial Divides: State, Society, and the Politics of Economic Transformation in Malaysia. New York: Colombia University Press.
BOWRING, P. (2004). “Philip Bowring: When the Malays cast their votes”. International Herald Tribune Online, Tuesday, July 13, 2004.
BURNS P.L. & COWAN, C.D. (Eds.) (1975). Sir Frank Swettenham’s Malayan Journals 1874-1876. Kuala Lumpur: OUP.
BUYONG, A. (1991). Sejarah Selangor. KL: Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka.
CASE, W. (1995). “Malaysia: Aspects and Audiences of Legitimacy.” In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority, ed. Muthiah Alagappa. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
CHANDRA, M. (1996). “Accommodation and Acceptance of Non-Muslim Communities within the Malaysian Political system: The Role of Islam”, in The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vo. 13 (1) Spring 1996 pp. 28-41.
COLE, R. (2005). Political Leadership. Modern Library. http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780812971705&view=excerpt
CROUCH, H. (1980). “The UMNO’s Crisis: 1975–1977.” In Malaysian Politics and the 1978 Election, ed. Harold Crouch, Lee Kam Hing, and Michael Ong. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
CRYSTAL, D. (1994). (Ed.) The Cambridge Encyclopedia. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
FAALAND, J., JACK, P. & Rais S. (1990). Growth and Ethnic Inequality: Malaysia’s New Economic Policy. London: Hurst and Co.
FIEDLER, F.E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
FLUKER, W. (1998). The Stones That the Builders Rejected. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press.
FRADETTE & MICHAUD (1998). The power of corporate kinetics. Create the self-adapting, self-renewing, instant-action enterprise. NY: Simon & Schuster
FUNSTON, J. (1980). Malay Politics in Malaysia: A Study of UMNO and PAS. Singapore: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia).
GALE, B. (1982). Musa Hitam: A Political Biography. Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press.
GARDNER, J. (1989). On leadership. New York: Free Press.
GILL, R. (1986). Razaleigh: An Unending Quest. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications.
GREENLEAF, R.K. (1970). The servant of leader. Available at: http://www.butler.edu/studentlife/hampton/principles.htm10
GREENLEAF, R.K. (1977). Servant leadership. Paulist Press.
GULLICK, J.M. (1958) Indigenous Political Systems of Western Malaya. London: Athlone Press – revised edition 1988.
GULLICK, J.M. (1987) Malay Society in the late Nineteenth Century – the Beginnings of Change. Singapore: OUP.
GULLICK, J.M. (1992) Rulers and Residents – Influence and Power Malay States 1870-1920. Singapore: OUP.
GULLICK, J.M. (1998) “A History of Selangor 1766-1939”. Kuala Lumpur: MBRAS Monograph No, 28.
GULLICK, J.M. “The entrepreneur in Late 19th Century Malay Peasant Society”, JMBRAS 58(1), 1958.
HORII, K. (1991). “Disintegration of the Colonial Economic Legacies and Social Restructuring in Malaysia.” Developing Economies 29, no. 4: 281–311.
Information Malaysia 1997 Yearbook (1997). Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing.
Information Malaysia 2005 Yearbook (2005). Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing.
ISLAM, S.S. (2005). The politics of Islamic identity in Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Thomson.
ISMAIL, N. & MUHAMMAD, A. (2000). The Malays par excellence ... Warts and all. An introspective. Selangor: Pelanduk Publications.
ISMAIL, N. (1999). Prophet Muhammad’s leadership. The paragon of excellence altruistic management. A cross-application to modern management and leadership practice. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd.
JAWAN, J.A. (2006). Malaysian politics & government. Shah Alam: Karisma Publications Sdn Bhd.
JESUDASON, J.V. (1989). Ethnicity and the Economy: The State, Chinese Business, and Multinationals in Malaysia. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
KATZ, D. & KAHN, R.L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York: John Wiley.
KHOO, K.K. (1972) The Western Malay States 1850-1873. Kuala Lumpur: OUP.
KHOO, K.K. (1995). Malay Society. Transformation & democratisation. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk Publications.
KHOO. K.K.“Malay Society 1874-1920’s”, JSEAS 5(2), 1974.
KHURSID, A. (1982). (Ed.). Islam – Its meaning and message. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Pustaka Islam.
KOUZES, J.M. & POSNER, B.Z. (1987). The leadership challenge: How to get things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
KUCZMARSKI, S.S. & KUCZMARKSI, T.D. (1995). Value-based leadership. Rebuilding employee commitment, performance, and productivity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
LARSEN, H.O. (1999). Position, relation or preference? Approaches to the study of political leadership roles. ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops on "The Changing Role of Local Councillors”, Mannheim 26.03-31.03 1999.
LASSWELL, L. (1963). The Future of Political Science. New York: Atherton.
LEE, K.Y. (2000). From Third World to First. The Singapore Story: 1965-2000. Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Singapore: Times Media Private Ltd.
LEEDS, C.A. (1981). 3rd Edition. Political Studies. Plymouth: Macdonald & Evans.
MAUZY, D. K. (1988). “Malaysia in 1987: Decline of "The Malay Way".” Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1987: Part II (Feb., 1988) , pp. 213-222.
MILLS, L.A. (2003). (MBRAS Reprint 22). British Malaya 1824-67. Selangor: MBRAS.
MILNE, R.S & MAUZY, D.K. (1999). Malaysian politics under Mahathir. London: Routledge.
MINTZBERG, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper & Row.
MOHAMED IBRAHIM, A. M. (1975) The Voyages of Mohamed Ibrahim Munshi, KL: OUP.
PAIGE G.D. (1977). The Scientific Study of Political Leadership. New York: Free Press/Collier MacMillan Publishers.
ROSSITER, C. (1960). The American Presidency. New York: New American Library.
RYAN, N.J. (1962). The cultural heritage of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Longman Malaysia.
SHEPPARD, M. (1985) Taman saujana – Dance, Drama, Music and Magic in Malaya, Long and Not-so-Long Ago. Petaling Jaya: International Book Service.
SWETTENHAM, F.A. “Some Account of the Independent Native States” JSBRAS 6, 1880.
SYED OTHMAN, A. & AIDIT, G. (1994). Islamic values and management. Kuala Lumpur: IKIM.
TORII, T. (1997). The new economic policy and the United Malays National Organization —With special reference to the restructuring of Malaysian society— The Developing Economies, XXXV-3(September 1997): 209–39.
WEBER, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization (T. Parsons, Trans.). New York: Free Press.
WRIGHT, P. (1996 ). Managerial leadership. London: Routledge.
YUKL, G. (1981). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
ZALEZNIK, A. (1977) "Managers and Leaders: Is there a difference?", Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1977.
Friday, July 20, 2007
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